Neupravni govor
Neupravni ili neizravni govor, (reported speech) predstavlja prepričavanje tuđih riječi ili misli.
Nasuprot neupravnog govora, postoji upravni, odnosno izravni govor pri čemu prenosimo nečije riječi u istom obliku kako su i izgovorene uz pomoć citata.
Usporedite istu rečenicu u upravnom i neupravnom govoru:
I spent my childhood in Florida.
(Provela sam djetinjstvo u Floridi.)
She said that she had spent her childhood in Florida.
(Rekla je da je provela svoje djetinjstvo u Floridi.)
Uočite:
- u neupravnom obliku rečenica se značajno mijenja, počevši od promjene zamjenica do promjene glagolskih vremena
- I → she
- my → her
- spent → had spent
Glagoli u neupravnom govoru
Neupravni govor prepoznajemo po uvodnim glagolima, odnosno, reporting verbs koji pripremaju čitatelja ili slušatelja da slijedi prepričavanje tuđih izjava, pitanja i misli.
U tablici se nalaze najučestaliji uvodni glagoli iza kojih slijede strukture s
admit priznati
The driver admitted that they were lost.
(Vozač/ica je priznao/la da su se izgubili.)
agree složiti se
They agreed that the situation was urgent.
(Složili su se da je situacija hitna.)
announce najaviti
Ken announced that he had a solution.
(Ken je najavio da ima rješenje.)
argue tvrditi, objašnjavati
He argued that the simplest designs were best.
(Tvrdio je da su najbolji dizajni oni koji su najjednostavniji.)
believe vjerovati, smatrati
They believed that his mission had failed.
(Smatrali su da njegova misija nije uspjela.)
feel činiti se, osjećati se
I felt that everybody deserved to win.
(Činilo mi se da su svi zaslužili pobijediti.)
hear čuti
I heard that Jim had left his old job.
(Čuo/la sam da je Jim napustio svoj stari posao.)
insist inzistirati
She insisted that it had been a real job.
(Inzistirala je da se radilo o pravom poslu.)
know znati
I knew that no one could help me.
(Znao/la sam da mi nitko ne može pomoći.)
read pročitati
I read that the roads were blocked.
(Pročitao/la sam da su ceste zatvorene.)
say reći
He said that mistakes had been made.
(Rekao je da je došlo do pogrešaka.)
think misliti
I thought that she was going to pass out.
(Pomislio/la sam da će se ona onesvijestiti.)
ask pitati
I asked why it was closed .
(Pitao/la sam zašto je zatvoreno.)
wonder upitati se, zanimati se
She wondered whether he had found the letter.
(Zanimalo ju je je li pronašao pismo.)
U sljedećoj tablici možemo vidjeti uvodne glagole iza kojih često slijedi rečenica s
Kada koristimo infinitive, uglavnom je naglasak na prepričavanju obećanja, zahtjeva, savjeta, radnji, upozorenja i slično:
promise obećati
He promised to write often.
(Obećao je da će često pisati.)
offer ponuditi
I offered to help as much as I could.
(Ponudio/la sam pomoći koliko god mogu.)
tell reći, kazati
The librarian told them to be quiet.
(Knjižničar/ka nam je rekao/la da budemo tihi.)
agree složiti se, pristati
The teacher agreed to extend the deadline.
(Učitelj/ica je pristao/la produžiti vremenski rok.)
ask pitati
Amy asked him to join her in the theatre.
(Amy ga je pitala da joj se pridruži u kazalištu.)
advise savjetovati
The doctor advised him to stop smoking.
(Doktor/ica ga je savjetovao/la da prestane pušiti.)
order narediti
The police officer ordered them to leave.
(Policajac/ka im je naredio/la da otiđu.)
Uočite:
- iza uvodnih glagola tell, ask, advise i order slijedi objekt rečenice, a tek onda infinitiv:
The librarian told them to be quiet.
The librarian told to be quiet.
That-rečenice
Neupravne rečenice često možemo prepoznati po that-rečenici koja slijedi nakon uvodnih glagola. Proučite i usporedite izravne i neizravne rečenice te uporabu strukture s veznikom that:
"I don't see the point."
(Ne vidim smisao.)
He said that he didn't see the point.
(Rekao je da ne vidi smisao.)
"She is going to pass out."
(Ona će se onesvijestiti.)
I thought that she was going to pass out.
(Pomislio/la sam da će se ona onesvijestiti.)
"No one can help me."
(Nitko mi ne može pomoći.)
I knew that no one could help me.
(Znao/la sam da mi nitko ne može pomoći.)
- U neformalnom govoru, normalno je izostaviti veznik that:
- He said (that) he didn't see the point.
- I thought (that) she was going to pass out.
- I knew (that) no one could help me.
Wh-rečenice
U neupravnom govoru nakon uvodnih glagola se često pojavljuju i wh-rečenice, uglavnom kada prenosimo tuđa ili vlastita pitanja.
Where is Jane staying?
(Gdje će Jane noćiti?)
I wondered where Jane was staying.
(Upitao/la sam se gdje će Jane noćiti.)
Promjena zamjenica u neupravnom govoru
Kada prepričavamo tuđe riječi ili misli, prenosimo ih iz vlastite perspektive. To znači da moramo promijeniti i zamjenice kako bi izjava imala smisla:
Alex: I love my university.
(Volim svoje sveučilište.)
Alex said that he loves his university.
(Alex je rekao da voli svoje sveučilište.)
Susan: Do you want to buy my book?
(Želiš li kupiti moju knjigu?)
Susan asked if I want to buy her book.
(Susan me pitala želim li kupiti njezinu knjigu.)
We want another chance.
(Želimo još jednu priliku.)
They said that they want another chance.
(Rekli su da žele još jednu priliku.)
Promjena glagolskih vremena u neupravnom govoru
U neupravnom govoru kada prenosimo nečiju izjavu iz prošlosti, dolazi do promjene glagolskih vremena, odnosno, pojave koju nazivamo
Razlog imenu backshift (back = unazad, shift = pomak, to jest, pomak unazad) leži u tome što se najčešće u neupravnom govoru osvrćemo na prošlost:
- u prenošenju nečije izjave uvijek se mičemo za jedan korak unazad u prošlost.
"I am studying for my exam"
I said that I was studying for my exam.
Glagolska vremena i modalni glagoli se u neupravnom govoru pomiču prema navednim pravilima:
Present Simple
- The car is on the sale.
Past Simple
- I said the car was on the sale.
Present Continuous
- I am listening to music.
Past Continuous
- I said that I was listening to music.
Past Simple
- I bought a new car.
Past Perfect
- I said that I had bought a new car.
Present Perfect
- I haven't seen him in a while.
Present Perfect
- I said that I hadn't seen him in a while.
Past Perfect
- My best friend had been stood up.
Past Perfect
- I said that my best friend had been stood up.
will
- It will be far from cheap
would
- I said it would be far from cheap.
can
- I can do it on my own.
could
- I said that I could do it on my own.
may
- I may return.
might
- I said that I might return.
must
- They must leave.
had to
- I said that they had to leave.
Ako smatramo da je nečija izjava i dalje relevantna ili točna, imamo izbor da pomaknemo glagolsko vrijeme prema navedenim pravilima ili da ostavimo glagolsko vrijeme neizmijenjeno:
I am a teacher.
(Ja sam učitelj/ica.)
I said that I am/was a teacher.
(Rekao/la sam da sam učitelj/ica.)
It will rain today.
(Kišit će danas.)
I read that it will/would rain today.
(Pročitao/la sam da će danas kišiti.)
She visits her parents often.
(Ona često posjećuje svoje roditelje.)
They told me that she visits/visited her parents often.
(Rekli su mi da često posjećuje svoje roditelje.)
Pitanja u neupravnom govoru
Kada u neupravnom govoru prenosimo nečija pitanja iz prošlosti, koristimo se istimm pravilima za pomak glagolskog vremena.
Za razliku od generalnih pravila tvorbe pitanja,
Have they tried sushi?
I asked if they had tried sushi.
Is this your home town?
I asked if this was their home town.
What is your name?
I asked her what her name was.
Yes/no pitanja uvodimo pomoću veznika if ili whether, bez inverzije:
Can you swim?
I asked whether/if they could swim.
Have I done something wrong?
I asked whether/if I had done something wrong.
Did you sleep well?
I asked whether/if they slept well.
Ostale vrste pitanja uvodimo očekivano uz wh-izraz s kojim pitanje počinje u upravnom govoru, bez inverzije:
What are you watching?
I aksed what he/she was watching.
Whose house is that?
I asked whose house that was.
How can I go there?
I asked how I could go there.
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